A Digital Proof Write-up Essay Example for Free

A Digital Proof Write-up Essay The issue in A Digital Proof has two sections. The first is to fill in five boxes with numbers that fit the measures: each crate has a number, and the digit that is set in each case must be the measure of times that number shows up in the entire five digit number framed by the cases. The second piece of the issue is to demonstrate that there is just a single arrangement. How I approached taking care of this issue was fairly straightforward; in any event, it was from the outset. I began from the ‘four’ box (the fifth box, named with a four). I understood that four wouldn’t work in that crate, since that would imply that there were four fours, and that wouldn’t work. I couldn’t put three in the case, either, on the grounds that that would require there to be three fours, and that wouldn’t turn out to be either. Two didn’t work for indistinguishable reasons from four and three, and even one wasn’t a chance. This left me with one choice: zero. One box down, four to go. Simple, correct? That’s what I thought as I filled in the ‘three’ box, again with a zero for similar reasons that I’d put a zero in the ‘four’ box. Four wouldn’t work since that would expect three to be in four boxes, and afterward that wouldn’t leave space for some other numbers. Once more, this was the explanation that three, two, and one didn’t work. For three, as well, the main chance was zero. Up to this point, things had been genuinely direct. At that point, when I hit the ‘two’ box, things started to get increasingly entangled. Here, I couldn’t put four or three since two of the cases had just been filled, and I couldn’t change that. At that point, I attempted two. This could work, yet just if there was a two somewhere else. I couldn’t put a two in the ‘one’ box, however I could place it in the zero box, on account of the ‘four’ and ‘three’ boxes. Beneficial thing I didn’t change those. That left me with the ‘one’ box. There was extremely just a single alternative for that crate, and that was placing a one in it. That was my procedure for unraveling the apparently overwhelming, yet shockingly simple issue. I realize that 21200 is the main answer for this issue, on the grounds that in the wake of working it through consistently, it becomes obvious that no other arrangement of numbers would work in this issue. While I found the issue significantly less troublesome than I had foreseen, that isn’t to state that it was a simple task. It truly constrained me to think, which was helpful on the grounds that a great deal of the time I attempt to stay away from things where I have to think too profoundly. Doing this issue drives you to be restrained and stay with the issue until it’s completed, and makes you really consider the issue cautiously, from each point. I feel that on the off chance that I could change the issue, I would give to a greater extent a rule with regards to how to approach tackling the issue, since I was totally puzzled toward the start. Indeed, even this, however, I’m not so much sure about. I accept that making sense of a best approach at this issue was valuable to me, and helped me get into the correct mentality to do the difficult right. I wouldn’t truly state that I delighted in taking a shot at this issue, however it wasn’t unpleasant li ke I’d been anticipating that it should be. What's more, the issue was certainly hard. Not very hard, yet difficult using any and all means. In the event that I needed to give myself an evaluation on this, I’d give myself An or B+. My procedure wasn’t the most one of a kind or fascinating, in light of the fact that I just went at it from back to front. I didn’t compose anything especially new or diverse in my review, yet I put exertion in and I managed to complete the issue, and give sound thinking to back up my cases. Generally speaking, I feel this review is strong A-material

Twelve Who Ruled and Robert Roswell Palmer Essay Example for Free

Twelve Who Ruled and Robert Roswell Palmer Essay The book, Twelve Who Ruled, covers an exceptionally mind boggling period, the French Revolution. Robert Roswell Palmer; writer of the book, brings our consideration of twelve men who get an opportunity to change society, establishments, and political convictions. Palmer takes our musings attracted to the fierceness and tyranny of this timeframe and offers with us how optimism can conrupt and harm a country in general. Mistreatment is the sense and subject of feeling I feel when perusing this book. By what means can a man like Robert Roswell Palmer be a writer of an elegantly composed perfect work of art? Robert Roswell Palmer or expertly known as R. R. Palmer, was conceived on January 11, 1909 in Chicago, Illinois. In secondary school, he quickened in his scholastics. Inspired by his educators, Palmer vied for a citywide â€Å"Latin prize† and earned a full ride grant to the University of Chicago. He got his PHD from Cornell University in 1934, represent considerable authority in eighteenth century France. Palmers gifts presented to him an instructorship at Princeton University in 1936. Palmer spent World War II in Washington, D.C., where he set his scholarly aptitudes to work for the War Department. Palmer wedded Esther Howard in 1942 and had three kids. After the war and advancing in his marriage, he was a pleased administrator and patron of an undertaking that brought about the after war distribution of two volumes, Organization of Ground Combat Troops (1947) and Procurement and Training of Ground Combat Troops (1948). After the war he came back to Princeton where he instructed for three decades and created seven of his books, Catholics and Unbelievers in eighteenth Century France; distributed in 1939, Twelve Who Ruled; distributed in 1941, and The Improvement of Humanity: Education and the French Revolution; distributed in 1985, Rand McNally Atlas of World History, first distributed in 1957 and still utilized today by numerous school teachers. At age 43 he was named Princetons Dodge Professor of History from 1952 to 1963 and he started the last piece of his scholastic vocation by expecting managerial obligations as Dean of Arts and Sciences at Washington University, St. Louis from 1963 to 1966. Later on he came back to his first energy, composing and educating. At 60 years old, he acknowledged a residency at Yale University, from which he resigned in 1977. Palmer came back to Princeton where he was a visitor researcher at the Institute for Advanced Study. Throughout the previous quite a long while, Palmer and his family inhabited Newtown, Pennsylvania and where he would die on June 11, 2002. Palmers profession earned him numerous distinctions. This incorporates administration as leader of the Society for French Historical Studies in 1961 and the American Historical Association in 1970. He was a functioning individual from the American Philosophical Society and the American Academy of Arts Sciences. He held visiting residencies at the Universities of Chicago, Colorado, and Michigan, and at the University of Califomia at Berkeley. He was the beneficiary of a few privileged degrees in the United States just as in Europe. Italys Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei granted him the Feltrenelli Prize in 1990 in acknowledgment of his lifetime insightful accomplishments. R. R. Palmer is a substantial wellspring of needing to know the French Revolution. From knowing his scholastic foundation and his well high positive portrayal, he is a sound source. Perusing his book, Twelve who governed, appears as though he actually knows the twelve people. He brings this timespan of incredible abuse during the French Revolution to life as you progress adding something extra to his book. This book is an extraordinary book and an elegantly composed magnum opus that will open your eyes.

How a Phrenology Head Was Traditionally Used

How a Phrenology Head Was Traditionally Used History and Biographies Print How a Phrenology Head Was Traditionally Used By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on April 22, 2019 Myron / Getty Images More in Psychology History and Biographies Psychotherapy Basics Student Resources Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming Phrenology heads or busts  were used by phrenologists to perform skull readings that supposedly revealed information about a persons character and tendencies. A Brief History of Phrenology During the late 1700s, a physician names Frances Gall proposed that the bumps on a persons head could be linked to their intellectual faculties and personality. While this is now viewed entirely as pseudoscience,  phrenology  actually became quite popular for a time. In an edition of Websters Dictionary dated circa 1900, phrenology was defined as: Science of the special functions of the several parts of the brain, or of the supposed connection between the faculties of the mind and the organs in the brainPhysiological hypothesis that mental faculties and traits of character are shown on the surface of the head or skull; craniology Regions of the Phrenology Head The phrenology head seen above shows a number of different regions of the brain linked to different personality characteristics. In most classic examples of phrenology busts, there were  35 different regions of the head, which were linked to the faculties listed below: AmativenessPhiloprogenitivenessConcentrativeness; structivenessAdhesivenessCombativenessDestructivenessSecretivenessAcquisitivenessConstructivenessSelf-esteemLove of ApprobationCautiousnessBenevolenceVenerationFirmnessConscientiousnessHopeWonderIdealityWitImitationIndividualityFormSizeWeightColoringLocalityNumberOrderEventualityTimeTuneLanguageComparisonCausality How a Phrenology Reading Traditionally Worked During a skull reading, a phrenologist would carefully feel the individuals head and make note of bumps and indentations. The phrenologist would compare these findings to that of a phrenology bust in order to determine what the surface of the skull had to say about the individuals natural aptitudes, character, and tendencies. Obviously, while phrenology heads and charts can be a fun and interesting way to look at a curious chapter in  psychologys history, they are not something to be taken seriously. Scientists discredited phrenology by the mid-1800s, although phrenology readings continued to have moments of popularity during the late 1800s and early 1900s. While phrenology was eventually shown to be pseudoscience, the idea that certain abilities might be linked to specific areas of the brain did have an influence on the field of  neurology  and the study of the localization of brain functions.   Today, phrenology is regarded as a pseudoscience along the same lines as palm reading and astrology.

Battle of Pydna in the Third Macedonian War

People Often Say That Short Stories Are Incomplete,...

People often say that short stories are incomplete, completely vague and leave the reader wondering. So if the author gives the reader an incomplete ending, will the reader ever know what truly happened to the characters? Most likely the answer is no. The reader never finds out what the author`s intended ending will be. Writers like to leave the reader wondering. It s a part of what makes the story more interesting and fun. The authors themselves leave the reader to imagine what might happen next. The beauty of this is that your imagination, the human mind, comes up with multiple different scenarios and alternate realities where anything is possible. The reader can come up with their own ending, be it a happy or sad ending, depending on†¦show more content†¦In the short story, â€Å" In the American Society,† a family of immigrants are learning to survive and cope in a foreign world. For the parents, everything is different than they re used to so they don t know how to react correctly to situations they wouldn t normally be in. Often times parents would react weirdly to the situation, embarrassing the children who know that it is not the proper way to act in this country. But why must a child of a foreigner subside to the ways of a country they do not know but only reside? Why should a parent do the same? A country that wouldn t call them theirs if given the chance? Should children yell at their parents and tell them the correct way to act? Tell them they re wrong? Although there are many people that would disagree with this, there are many more who do agree. â€Å" In the American Society,† the story is nothing but a memory for children of immigrants. It has happened to everyone with parents born in a different country at least once in their life. If it was not at a pool party, then it has happened at a school event, at the doctor s ofice, even at shops and restaurants. Children should never be ashamed of their parents, but it happens m ore than people would like to believe. The main point is that this specific story is so relatable and very different than the ones read this year by the class. The story itself gives the reader an appeal to emotion because some of the audience isShow MoreRelated Krashen’s Hypotheses of Second Language Acquisition Essay1530 Words   |  7 PagesSpanish properly. Possibly the most common error that new Spanish students commit is saying, â€Å"me llamo es†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (â€Å"es† meaning â€Å"is† in English). They assume that to say â€Å"my name is†¦Ã¢â‚¬  the Spanish word for â€Å"is† must be used and therefore commit this error. A native speaker, however, has only ever learned that to state his name, he must say â€Å"me llamo†¦Ã¢â‚¬  There is no error during transference between the two grammatical systems because an interlocutor’s implicit, acquired knowledge need never be transferredRead MoreEssay on The Dark Writings of Ed gar Allan Poe1679 Words   |  7 Pagesdisturbed as Poe would write such troubled stories. It is common knowledge to most that Poe had a heartrending life; he lost his biological mother, adoptive mother, and wife all before he went to college. Poe used the tragic premature endings of his family members as inspiration to write his trademark literature, lengthy eloquent works revolving around fatality. It is atypical for one of his stories to not mention death in one way or another. In each of his stories, Poe talks about death in a differentRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1486 Words   |  6 Pageswhich he found his pleasure, and no longer exposed to disgrace and penitence by the hands of this extraneous evil. (Stevenson 43) He thought if he could separate these two parts of him so that he would be able to get rid of the guilty feelings that so often plagued him of living a â€Å"double-life†. In doing so, he would be able to carry out his dark impulses without damaging his good name. In Victorian days, men were held to a high social standard. I think this was due to the fact that they were the soleRead MoreMedia Is A Dumping Ground For Horrible Information1809 Words   |  8 Pagesand/or media outlets can share the exact same story without ever disclosing the same information. The ease of gathering information is immediately tarnished with the knowledge that what is being revealed is typically only a small piece of what the actual story is. 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It is actually one of the most common and under diagnosed and very misunderstood disorders. (Packer 1) The National Tourette Syndrome Association published estimates that suggested that Tourette Syndrome affected only 1 in every 10,000 people but now we have evidence suggesting that 2 to 3 out of every 100 children or teenagers may have some form of the disorder (Packer 2). Like many conditions Tourettes is a spectrum disorder (TSN 1). That means that there is a broad variety of differentRead MoreEssay on My Name Is Asher Lev2011 Words   |  9 Pagespursues his passion and must find a way to reconcile the conflict between his religious identity and his individual identity. Potok starts off with the main character delivering three short sentences that set up the basis for the entire book. Before the reader learns anything about Asher Lev or the plot of the story they are confronted with the following statement: I am an observant Jew. Yes, of course, observant Jews do not paint crucifixions. As a matter of fact, observant Jews do not paintRead MoreWomens Writing and Writing about Women: Doris Lessings The Golden Notebook1968 Words   |  8 Pagesprotection’ between women and children. Lessing’s novel tells us that males are not the enemies of women but they are their collaborators. Women’s writing, particularly in The Golden Notebook is about the fact that women are assessed from a completely different point of view if we compare it to men. It seems that female authors of the present era are still pushed on a marginal position or overlooked passively. Women’s writing has always been inscribed with definition to men. Subsequently, ifRead MoreThe Heart Is A Lonely Hunter And Nathaniel Hawthorne s `` Young Goodman Brown ``3100 Words   |  13 PagesThe Heart is a Lonely Hunter is a novel about loneliness and the path in which the protagonist, John Singer, takes in order to fulfill his sense of self-identity through a specific form of worship. Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† is a short story about a man’s who seeks to be accepted by all but remains alone due to his constant struggle with self-identification, as he attempts to find himself through others religion. With this in mind, I have come to the inqui ry of How does the use ofRead MoreThe World Is Too Much With Us, And Ray Bradbury s `` There Will Come Soft Rains ``2767 Words   |  12 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne’s life, people started believing in science and proven facts more than the stories and under researched explanations that they were previously told. 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A Description of the PDA Psychometric Test Free Essays

What is the PDA Psychometric Test? PDA is a psychometric test that through a simple, precise and scientific method allows us to discover and analyze people’s behavioral profiles. It also allows us to evaluate the behavioral requirements of a job and generate detailed compatibilities that apply to the different Human Resources processes. The PDA test does not qualify behavioral profiles as â€Å"good or bad†; it describes the evaluated individual’s behavioral characteristics. We will write a custom essay sample on A Description of the PDA Psychometric Test or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the case of generating a study of compatibilities between a person and a job description, it simply describes and provides details on the strengths and weaknesses. Back to Menu Who uses the PDA test? This psychometric evaluation can be beneficial to: * People: in order to understand their strengths and weaknesses to get a better job, to become better at their current job, to improve their relationship with colleagues, superiors and or/collaborators. * Entities: to identify, develop and/or retain talent. This tool is utilized by most of the leading companies ranked on Great Place to Work. * HR consulting entities: Incorporate a new product into your portfolio, add value to your services, and generate consulting projects based on the psychometric behavioral test. Back to Menu What information does the PDA provide? Through the PDA psychometric test ou can quickly go online to obtain: * A person’s behavioral profile description, detailing (press here to see an example): o Leadership style o Decision-making style o How to lead this person to success o Persuasive skills o Analytical skills o Sales skills o Motivation level o Main skills and strengths o Areas of improvement * Individual and / or group compatibility between one or more individuals and a job. Individual and or group compatibility between one or more individuals and your company’s competences. Back to Menu How does the PDA Report contribute to the professional growth and development of an individual? The complete PDA report will help you to know yourself better and to identify what are your main strengths and weaknesses. At the same time, it’ll allow you to objectively identify the skills you need to maximize your potential. If you are currently interviewing or l ooking for a better job, the complete PDA report will help you to†¦ †¢ Research strategically Interview successfully †¢ Emphasize skills and strengths †¢ Feel confident †¢ Find a job that matches your â€Å"natural† characteristics †¢ †¦other benefits â€Å"From all the possible knowledge, the wiser and more useful is to know yourself† – William Shakespeare. If you are currently working, the complete PDA report will help you to†¦: †¢ Understand and improve your leadership skills †¢ Effectively develop your skills and strengths †¢ Improve your relationship with your colleagues †¢ Plan self-improvement †¢ Understand difficulties with team members †¢ †¦ among many other benefits The key to negotiate with others effectively is to manage you first. The better you know yourself, the better you can relate to others, from a confident, secure and strong position† – Hendrie Weisinger. Back to Menu Does the PDA have theoretical support? The PDA test is a powerful tool with more than 50 years of studies based on different theories and statistics. It is certified for its application in Latin America. The PDA test is based on a model with 5 pillars that measure the following dimensions and their intensities: †¢ Results oriented †¢ People and negotiation oriented Details oriented †¢ Conformity to Rules †¢ Autocontrole emocional The PDA test is based on the following theories: 1) William Moulton Marston’s personality structure 2) Self consistency theory 3) Perception Theory 4) Semantic Study Back to Menu Similarities and differences with DiSC Many evaluation tools are based on the concepts of Emotions of Normal People developed by Marston. These tools were created with emphasis on the advantages and benefits that such methods contributed to the military and working environment. The first generated tools were called â€Å"pure† (PDA). From its first applications the tool manifested its enormous contribution due to the quantity and quality of information. However, the process was extremely slow and complex. It would take 2 hours from the moment the individual finished the evaluation until the analyst was able to produce the results. In the late 60’s, Dr John Greier, from University of Minnesota, modified Marston’s model with the intention to simplify the process and that was the beginning of what we know today as DISC- Which is nothing more than a simplification of Marston’s model. Greier’s simplified version changed the original questionnaire and even though the process took less time to interpret the result, much of the valuable information was lost. Some of the key information missing from Greier’s model is: †¢ Intensity Axis: Measures the intensity of each behavioral tendency. †¢ Profile intensity: Measures how â€Å"faithful† the evaluated person is to his or her behavior. It assesses the flexibility/rigidity level of the person evaluated. †¢ Energy level: Measures the level of energy available. Provides better understanding of the motivation and stress level. Consistency indicator:Measures the information’s consistency and quality level. †¢ Self control Axis: the 5th axis measures the individual’s capacity to control impulses and emotions, related to â€Å"Emotional Intelligence†. Already in the 90’s, with the possibility of every Human Resources employee having their own computer, inter net connection, and the possibility to systemize the process of loading the forms and automatically issuing graphs and reports, resurfaced the many benefits that the â€Å"pure† tools offered to companies over the simplifications provided by the DiSC model.. How to cite A Description of the PDA Psychometric Test, Essays

Still Just Writing free essay sample

Almost every man who walks this planet has goals, aims, and, aspirations that he dreams of achieving. However, distractions often come about, thwarting people and preventing them from attaining their aspirations. A distraction can pull a person’s whole mind and body into a different world manipulating him to neglect his lifelong goals, and never achieve his dreams. A student, entering college with dreams of achieving a 4. 0 GPA and becoming valedictorian, can easily be swept up by social distractions, causing him to abandon his goals. Tillie Olsen and Anne Tyler both discus in their narratives, â€Å"Silences†, and, â€Å"Still Just Writing†, how parenting, childrearing, and mundane errands effected their lifelong dreams of becoming writers. They both believe that women cannot possibly create â€Å"enduring literature† unless they remain childless. However, Olsen and Tyler each viewed her own personal situation through different perspectives. Their different perspectives on life led them to each deal with her lifelong dreams and desires of becoming authors in different ways. We will write a custom essay sample on Still Just Writing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The constant responsibilities of motherhood will have an effect on a woman’s desires and dreams. Both Olsen’s and Tyler’s dreams of becoming writers were neglected because of the immense responsibilities of motherhood. Tillie Olsen states, â€Å"All distinguished achievements has come from childless women†. She believes that all her motherly tasks have left her writing skills to â€Å"fester†, â€Å"convulse†, and â€Å"die† within her. She feels that her responsibilities and trials of family have locked away her writing talents, â€Å"like a squirrel in a cage†. Similarly, Tyler’s busy life as a mother tremendously weakens her writing abilities. Between her children’s spring vacation, dental appointments, and gymnastics meetings, there seems to never be a free moment for her to sit down and concentrate on writing a novel, â€Å"Although she planned to work till three thirty everyday it was a month of early quittings†. Tyler’s writing skills slowly deteriorated, and her once powerful, thought-out characters, turned, â€Å"pale and knuckly, like someone scrabbling at a cliff edge so as not to fall away entirely†. The responsibilities and joy of bringing up children, and being a dedicated mother distracted Olsen and Tyler from developing their writing skills, and fulfilling their dreams of becoming renowned authors. Happiness is not dependent on one’s life situation, rather it is dependent on ones perspective and attitude regarding his situation. Although Olsen’s and Tyler’s situations in life were quite similar, their perspectives and attitudes on life could not have been more different. Tillie Olsen believes that social pressures squashed her talents and all women’s writing talents into a dark shadowy corner, denying their development. She believes that society views â€Å"woman writers, woman experience, and literature written by woman by definition minor†. Furthermore, Olsen believes that woman are forced to give into the social pressures of always, â€Å"being attractive†, and spend hours, â€Å"agonizing over appearance†, rather than spending hours working on literary writings. Olsen views herself and her lost dreams as the miserable victim of social discrimination against women. However, Anne Tyler views her situation in a totally different light than Olsen does. Tyler believes that distractions are a part of life that affects everyone, not just woman. She laments how her husband’s writing, â€Å"fell by the wayside†, while he was finishing his medical schooling. Additionally, she describes how her husband’s, â€Å"responsibilities to support a family† cause him to neglect his writings, which he cares so deeply about. Unlike Olsen, Tyler doesn’t view the world as an evil place that stunts women from developing their talents, rather she views the world as a place where everyone, man and woman alike, have responsibilities towards other people which must be fulfilled as they strive to accomplish their lifelong dreams. Differences in ones perspective in life leads to different outcomes in the way one leads one’s life. Olsen’s negative outlook on her life led her to permanently give up on her dreams. Olsen believes that one cannot find a balance between ones mundane responsibilities and one’s dreams. She believes that, â€Å"you must choose between your art and fulfillment as a woman†. Her pessimistic belief that she is the victim of â€Å"coercive working of sexiest oppression†, causes her to relinquish her lifelong goals. Although she admits that some women try to have a family life and become a writer, her negative perspective on the world causes her to believe that their work will be, â€Å"impeded, lessened and partial†. Olsen’s downbeat attitude towards life has led her to believe that the responsibilities of motherhood has sapped her from her literary and writing talents, and has cruelly snatched away her dreams of becoming a distinguished author. Unlike Olsen, Tyler’s positive outlook on life allowed her to learn how to deal with her responsibilities. Like a child who learns how to balance on a bicycle, Tyler learns how to properly balance her life as a mother and a writer. She believes that her experience of being a mother has caused her to grow, â€Å"richer and deeper†, allowing her writing to become more profound and meaningful, â€Å"when I did write I had more self to speak from†. Tyler has successfully found a, â€Å"way to slip gracefully through a choppy life of writing novels, plastering the dining room ceiling and presiding at slumber parties†. Tyler is a successful mother and yet she is also, â€Å"still just writing†. Tyler’s optimistic outlook on life led her to become a unique individual; she is a happy easygoing housewife and mother, and a deep profound writer. Few people can fulfill their responsibilities towards others and attain their dreams. Only with a positive, upbeat, easygoing attitude, like that of Tyler, can one fulfill the time consuming, mundane tasks of life, while simultaneously achieving one’s lifelong goals. This world is a challenge, where we each must find the exact balance between our general obligations to our family and mankind, and our lifelong goals and desires. We cannot allow our mundane responsibilities to sidetrack us from reaching our goals. We must use our mind like a laser beam, and focus on what is important in our life, whether it is becoming the next great author, earning a 4. 0 GPA or developing our character traits. We should be like Anne Tyler and view our responsibilities through a positive eye, learn to appreciate them, and grow from them, but not allow them overtake our desires to accomplish our aims, ambitions, and aspirations. Still Just Writing free essay sample Almost every man who walks this planet has goals, aims, and, aspirations that he dreams of achieving. However, distractions often come about, thwarting people and preventing them from attaining their aspirations. A distraction can pull a person’s whole mind and body into a different world manipulating him to neglect his lifelong goals, and never achieve his dreams. A student, entering college with dreams of achieving a 4. 0 GPA and becoming valedictorian, can easily be swept up by social distractions, causing him to abandon his goals. Tillie Olsen and Anne Tyler both discus in their narratives, â€Å"Silences†, and, â€Å"Still Just Writing†, how parenting, childrearing, and mundane errands effected their lifelong dreams of becoming writers. They both believe that women cannot possibly create â€Å"enduring literature† unless they remain childless. However, Olsen and Tyler each viewed her own personal situation through different perspectives. Their different perspectives on life led them to each deal with her lifelong dreams and desires of becoming authors in different ways. We will write a custom essay sample on Still Just Writing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The constant responsibilities of motherhood will have an effect on a woman’s desires and dreams. Both Olsen’s and Tyler’s dreams of becoming writers were neglected because of the immense responsibilities of motherhood. Tillie Olsen states, â€Å"All distinguished achievements has come from childless women†. She believes that all her motherly tasks have left her writing skills to â€Å"fester†, â€Å"convulse†, and â€Å"die† within her. She feels that her responsibilities and trials of family have locked away her writing talents, â€Å"like a squirrel in a cage†. Similarly, Tyler’s busy life as a mother tremendously weakens her writing abilities. Between her children’s spring vacation, dental appointments, and gymnastics meetings, there seems to never be a free moment for her to sit down and concentrate on writing a novel, â€Å"Although she planned to work till three thirty everyday it was a month of early quittings†. Tyler’s writing skills slowly deteriorated, and her once powerful, thought-out characters, turned, â€Å"pale and knuckly, like someone scrabbling at a cliff edge so as not to fall away entirely†. The responsibilities and joy of bringing up children, and being a dedicated mother distracted Olsen and Tyler from developing their writing skills, and fulfilling their dreams of becoming renowned authors. Happiness is not dependent on one’s life situation, rather it is dependent on ones perspective and attitude regarding his situation. Although Olsen’s and Tyler’s situations in life were quite similar, their perspectives and attitudes on life could not have been more different. Tillie Olsen believes that social pressures squashed her talents and all women’s writing talents into a dark shadowy corner, denying their development. She believes that society views â€Å"woman writers, woman experience, and literature written by woman by definition minor†. Furthermore, Olsen believes that woman are forced to give into the social pressures of always, â€Å"being attractive†, and spend hours, â€Å"agonizing over appearance†, rather than spending hours working on literary writings. Olsen views herself and her lost dreams as the miserable victim of social discrimination against women. However, Anne Tyler views her situation in a totally different light than Olsen does. Tyler believes that distractions are a part of life that affects everyone, not just woman. She laments how her husband’s writing, â€Å"fell by the wayside†, while he was finishing his medical schooling. Additionally, she describes how her husband’s, â€Å"responsibilities to support a family† cause him to neglect his writings, which he cares so deeply about. Unlike Olsen, Tyler doesn’t view the world as an evil place that stunts women from developing their talents, rather she views the world as a place where everyone, man and woman alike, have responsibilities towards other people which must be fulfilled as they strive to accomplish their lifelong dreams. Differences in ones perspective in life leads to different outcomes in the way one leads one’s life. Olsen’s negative outlook on her life led her to permanently give up on her dreams. Olsen believes that one cannot find a balance between ones mundane responsibilities and one’s dreams. She believes that, â€Å"you must choose between your art and fulfillment as a woman†. Her pessimistic belief that she is the victim of â€Å"coercive working of sexiest oppression†, causes her to relinquish her lifelong goals. Although she admits that some women try to have a family life and become a writer, her negative perspective on the world causes her to believe that their work will be, â€Å"impeded, lessened and partial†. Olsen’s downbeat attitude towards life has led her to believe that the responsibilities of motherhood has sapped her from her literary and writing talents, and has cruelly snatched away her dreams of becoming a distinguished author. Unlike Olsen, Tyler’s positive outlook on life allowed her to learn how to deal with her responsibilities. Like a child who learns how to balance on a bicycle, Tyler learns how to properly balance her life as a mother and a writer. She believes that her experience of being a mother has caused her to grow, â€Å"richer and deeper†, allowing her writing to become more profound and meaningful, â€Å"when I did write I had more self to speak from†. Tyler has successfully found a, â€Å"way to slip gracefully through a choppy life of writing novels, plastering the dining room ceiling and presiding at slumber parties†. Tyler is a successful mother and yet she is also, â€Å"still just writing†. Tyler’s optimistic outlook on life led her to become a unique individual; she is a happy easygoing housewife and mother, and a deep profound writer. Few people can fulfill their responsibilities towards others and attain their dreams. Only with a positive, upbeat, easygoing attitude, like that of Tyler, can one fulfill the time consuming, mundane tasks of life, while simultaneously achieving one’s lifelong goals. This world is a challenge, where we each must find the exact balance between our general obligations to our family and mankind, and our lifelong goals and desires. We cannot allow our mundane responsibilities to sidetrack us from reaching our goals. We must use our mind like a laser beam, and focus on what is important in our life, whether it is becoming the next great author, earning a 4. 0 GPA or developing our character traits. We should be like Anne Tyler and view our responsibilities through a positive eye, learn to appreciate them, and grow from them, but not allow them overtake our desires to accomplish our aims, ambitions, and aspirations.

School Levies essays

School Levies essays Most of you may think that school levies are a good thing. Pay a little more in taxes to help out the local school. It sounds like a great thing but there is a slight misconception about the school levies that most people dont bother to think about. Every so often, a new levy is introduced for the people to vote on. Some of those people think that the levy is a good deal. Their extra taxes goes to the extra-curricular activities at the school. Most of them have probably voted on another levy before and what they dont know is that the previous levy is still in effect. They are still paying taxes on it. The levy they will vote on in the future is an add-on to the one in the past. Each levy raises taxes just a little bit. Under one percent more. This seems like a small amount but add it onto the past levies and it can sum up to a lot of money. If your property is worth about $100,000, a one percent property tax is worth $1,000. Thats only one house. How much could the school spend on sports? The coaches salary and the bus for away games are about it. The players even have to spend money for equipment too. The school got by before with the money they obtain, why cant they go on without so much more. What is costing more money to the point that the school needs more or they threaten to take away all extra-curricular activities, including sports? What did they do before to keep these activities going? They should be able to do it again. When a levy is passed, all of the people in the area have this small increase on their taxes. How many students out of eight hundred actually play sports? The athletes of our school dont usually play only one sport. They know that they have to stay in shape for the next season so they play others. Lets say theres fifty football players. Not all of them will play basketball but some will. Then there are some people that didnt play f ...

When to Use That, Which, and Who

When to Use That, Which, and Who When to Use â€Å"That,† â€Å"Which,† and â€Å"Who† When to Use â€Å"That,† â€Å"Which,† and â€Å"Who† By Mark Nichol The proper use of the relative pronouns who, that, and which relate the subject of a sentence to its object, hence the name. The question of which of the three words to use in a given context vexes some writers; here’s an explanation of their relative roles. Who, Whom, and Whose Who and whom refer only to people, and whose almost always does so: â€Å"I have a friend who can help.† â€Å"Whom you associate with is your concern.† â€Å"The person whose jacket was left behind is the likely culprit.† (Whose is sometimes used to refer to an object, as in â€Å"Notice the car whose headlights are off.† This awkward usage should be replaced by, for example, â€Å"Notice the car that has its headlights off† or, better, â€Å"Notice the car with its headlights off.†) That That refers mostly to things, though a class or type of person is also sometimes referred to by this pronoun: â€Å"He has the key that fits in this door.† â€Å"This is a team that is going places.† â€Å"He’s the kind of doctor that volunteers at a clinic on his day off.† Even though the previous sentence is technically correct, it’s usually best to maintain a distinction between people and not-people by using who in reference to a type of person: â€Å"He’s the kind of doctor who volunteers at a clinic on his day off.† (The use of that in association with people itself, however, is well attested, as in â€Å"I don’t like the kind of people that she hangs out with.†) But a class of people is always considered a thing, not a person, so a sentence like â€Å"This is a team who is going places† is never correct. Which Which, like that, refers to things, but a further consideration is that American English usage usually frowns on this word when it appears in a restrictive, or essential, clause, such as â€Å"I chose the card which is blank.† This sentence, which specifies a card among one or more others that are not blank, has a meaning distinct from â€Å"I chose the card, which is blank,† which refers to a single card and then describes it. (This is an example of a nonrestrictive, or nonessential, clause.) To further clarify that distinction, the restrictive form is generally illustrated by using that in favor of which, which is reserved for a nonrestrictive function, as in the preceding phrase. (One exception occurs when which is preceded by another usage of that, as in the sentence â€Å"What is good is that which is natural.†) (This form is sometimes called nonessential because the information that follows which is not required. In the first sample sentence, which is better rendered â€Å"I chose the card that is blank,† the card’s blank state is essential to the context. In â€Å"I chose the card, which is blank,† all we need to know is that the card was chosen; its quality of blankness is incidental.) Many writers and speakers of American English deplore the artificial distinction of favoring that over which in restrictive usage, but it is practical and well established two valid criteria for any variation in purely logical grammar. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:15 Terms for Those Who Tell the FutureDawned vs. DonnedWhat the Heck are "Peeps"?

Major league baseball Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Major league baseball - Essay Example The pitcher throws a fastball, a curveball, or a knuckleball (and other popular terms for how the ball is thrown) towards the offensive team’s batter at the home plate from the raised pitchers mound, at a distance of 60.5 ft (18.4 m). The batter then tries to hit the ball as far as he could, that is, within the foul lines, in order to run to as many bases as possible, scoring upon hitting the home plate. A home run is when a batter hits over the outfield and the ball goes generally into the area of the audience and the batter and all other offensive players on base are able to run to the home plate and score. Of course, the team with the most scores after the ninth inning wins. But, if there is a tie after the ninth inning, â€Å"play continues into extra innings until one team has scored more runs than the other in an equal number of turns at bat.† As the popularity of baseball heightened, there came a need for a governing body to impose standardized rules and facilitate scheduling (The Columbia Encyclopedia 4428). Thus, the National Association was formed 1871 and is considered to be the first major league (Rubinstein 20). The two major leagues that are recognized today as Major League Baseball (MBL), the National League and the American League, were founded in 1876 and 1901, respectively (Rubinstein 20). The MBL, a collaboration that was agreed upon in 1920, governs the American League of Professional Baseball Clubs, the National League of Professional Baseball Clubs, and the leagues which are members of the National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues (SportsKnowHow.com and â€Å"Foreword† 2). At present, MBL is composed of â€Å"2 leagues, 30 teams, and over 750 active players† (SportsKnowHow.com). This paper and presentation will discuss only some of the basic and most noteworthy rules and regulatio ns of the MBL as the Major League Agreement, Major League Rules and other league constitutions, which compose the official documents of

Land Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Land Law - Essay Example 'A vendor must be able to prove that he is entitled to the land before he can pass good title to a purchaser. Initially, such proof was provided by the production of the title documents to the land, i.e. the conveyances or leases. The vendor had to be able to show the chain of ownership for the last thirty (now 15 years).And each time the land was sold, all these documents had to be examined under the LRA 2000 a single register entry is substituted for the series of title deeds as proof of titles, and a prospective purchaser need only examine this registry entry.Theodore Rouff had laid down three basic principles of Land Registry. One among them is the mirror principle which states:â€Å" the register of title reflects accurately and completely beyond all arguments the facts that are material to the title†. In simpler terms, it can derive that this principle proposes the fact that the register of the title is the mirror which reflects accurately all the current facts and figur es those are material to the title. However, there are few exceptions to this fact. Other than these exceptions the title is free from all adverse burdens, rights, and qualifications unless they are mentioned in the register. Overriding interest can be described as one of the most an important exceptions to the mirror principle.Overriding interests: Definition: These are defined in s3 (xvi) LRA 1925 as: ‘all the encumbrances, interests, rights and powers not entered on the register, but subject to which registered dispositions are to take effect’... Initially such proof was provided by the production of the title documents to the land, i.e. the conveyances or leases. The vendor had to be able to show the chain of ownership for the last thirty (now 15 years).And each time the land was sold, all these documents had to be examined under the LRA 2000 a single register entry is substituted for the series of title deeds as proof of titles, and a prospective purchaser need only examine this register entry. Theodore Rouff had laid down three basic principles of Land Registry. One among them is the mirror principle which states: " the register of title reflects accurately and completely beyond all arguments the facts that is material to the title" (wikipedia)1. In simpler terms it can derived that this principle proposes the fact that the register of title is the mirror which reflects accurately all the current facts and figures those are material to title. However there are few exceptions to this fact. Other than these exceptions the tile is free from all adverse burdens, rights and qualifications unless they are mentioned in the register. Overriding interest can be described as one of the most important exception to the mirror principle. Overriding interests: Definition: These are defined in s32 (xvi) LRA 1925 as: 'all the encumbrances, interests, rights and powers not entered on the register, but subject to which registered dispositions are to take effect' Meaning: In simpler terms overriding interest can be defined and determined as the interest which override. It is liable on the purchaser to inspect the land and make inquiries as there are few dispositions like overriding

The Components Of Attitude Education Essay

The Components Of Attitude Education Essay Attitude influences the way in which an individual behaves towards an object, institution, or a person. Our attitude towards a particular object may be influenced by our parents, school, teachers and society in which as an individual we live. According to Thurton (1929) attitude may also be defined as the sum total of mans inclination, feelings, threats and conviction about any specific topic. Karlinger (1973) holds that attitude is an integral part of personality to think, to feel, and perceive to behave towards a referent and cognitive object. Attitude is very important as it decides the behavior pattern of a person. Attitudes can be implicit and explicit. Implicit attitudes are unconscious, but still have an effect on our beliefs and behaviors. Explicit attitudes are those about which we are consciously aware of and they clearly influence our behaviors and beliefs. In the opinion of Bain (1927), an attitude is the relatively overt behavior of a person which affects his status. Jung (1921) defines attitude as a readiness of the psyche to act or react in a certain way. Components of Attitude Harrison (1976) has identified three components in attitude as under: Beliefs are what one considers desirable and undesirable. Attitudes are accompanied by emotions and influence each other. The individual displays his attitude through his action (behavior). However, Wenden (1991) proposed a broader definition of the concept attitude. He has introduced these terms with a little change, although the theme is almost the same. He says that the term attitude includes three components as Cognitive Affective Behavioral Cognitive component is made up of the beliefs and ideas or opinions about the object of the attitude. Rosenberg and Hovland (1969) suggest that cognitions include perceptions, concepts, and beliefs about the attitude object and these are usually expressed by verbal questions. Ajzen (1988) categorizes cognitive components into verbal and non-verbal responses. Cognitive responses of a verbal nature are expressions of beliefs about an attitude object. According to him, cognitive responses of a nonverbal kind are more difficult to assess, and the information they provide about attitudes is usually more indirect. Baker (1992) believes that the cognitive component involves thoughts and beliefs. Affective component refers to the feelings and emotions that one has towards an object, likes or dislikes, with or against. Ajzen (1988) believes that affective responses involve evaluations of, and feelings towards, the attitude object. Verbal affective responses can be expressions of admiration or disgust, appreciation or disdain. On the other hand, facial expressions and other bodily reactions are assumed to show nonverbal affective responses. Baker (1992) suggests that the affective component concerns feelings towards the target language, which may be love or hate of the language, a passion for the poetry of the target language, or an anxiety about learning it. Also, Hermann-Brennecke (2000) defines the affective component as a feeling-based evaluative component. The behavioral component refers to ones consisting actions or behavioral intentions towards the object. Rosenberg and Hovland (1969) evaluate the behavioral component towards a situation with regard to a persons overt actions or verbal statements concerning behavior. These components of attitude consist of a tendency of an individual to behave in a particular way towards and object. Only this component of attitude is visible as the other two can only be inferred. Kinds of Attitude There are three kinds of attitude; Positive Attitude is a kind of attitude that people are likely to act consistently with. Negative Attitude is a kind of attitude where people act inconsistently with. Neutral Attitude refers to a situation where people feel themselves reluctant to take any definite decision and find it difficult to make a choice either to go with something or not. With respect to positive attitude, people may become respective to the said attitude and tend to understand every situation which corresponds to it. On the other hand, with a negative attitude a persons act will not be consistent due to the distortion he wanted to accomplish. Attitude Formation Attitudes may be learned from the experiences we have. These include mostly mundane events such as being praised by our parents for expounding liberal attitudes, but also major life and world events. Â  The basic processes through which we learn attitudes remain the same throughout life, though as we grow older the attitudes we learn may be more complex, and the ones we already hold may become more resistant to change. Attitudes are learned from our experience of the social context around us. Research has indicated that there are several ways in which attitudes are acquired. One of the earliest agents of attitude formation is parents. Later on world experience, interaction with the outer world plays a significance role in the formation of attitude. Some of the psychological factors which play a vital role in attitude formation are discussed below: Operant conditioning. It involves voluntary responses. It is usually involve with the behavioral component of attitude. Behaviors tend to be repeated if they are reinforced. Similarly behaviors tend to be stopped when they are punished. Direct instruction. The adoption of attitudes is directly told by the parents, schools, community, friends, as well as the impact of religion etc. Social learning. It is based on modeling and observation. We observe others, if they are rewarded and receive appreciation for certain behaviors, we are reinforced and it is more likely, that we behave in the way to express this attitude. Rational analysis. It involves the careful weighing of evidence for, and against, a particular attitude. In other words it involves the careful observation of the evidence in order to take the right decision. Language Attitude Language attitudes are the feelings people have about their own language or the languages of others (Crystal, 1992). Language attitude is different from other general attitudes in the sense that they are specifically about language. It is normally considered that language attitudes are related to the language itself, its variety, its sound system, its semantic quality so on and so forth. In fact, the term language attitude is applied by sociolinguists today, includes the outlook and our affiliation towards the speakers of a particular languages. Fasold (1984) suggests that attitudes towards a language are often a reflection of attitudes towards members of various ethnic groups. Language attitudes are changing all the time because the economic situation of a country may change, for the better or the worse, and so produce a different language attitude among its speakers or potential speakers. The same changing language attitude goes for the choice of a foreign language where the niche and the needs determine the language status. In this respect, Calvet (2006) states: Human beings are not always able to choose their languages, their choice is determined first and foremost by the milieu in which they find themselves, by the languages that coexist in this niche and then by their needs, and very little by the typological situation other coexisting languages. Second Language-Learning Strategies All language learners use language learning strategies either consciously or unconsciously when processing new information and performing tasks in the language classroom. Since language classroom is like a problem-solving environment in which language learners are likely to face new input and difficult tasks given by their instructors, learners attempts to find the quickest or easiest way to do what is required, that is, using language learning strategies is inescapable. The term language learning strategy has been defined by many researchers. Wenden and Rubin (1987) define learning strategies as any sets of operations, steps, plans, routines used by the learner to facilitate the obtaining, storage, retrieval, and use of information. Richards and Platt (1992) state that learning strategies are intentional behavior and thoughts used by learners during learning so as to better help them understand, learn, or remember new information. Faerch Claus and Casper (1983) stress that a learning strategy is an attempt to develop linguistic and sociolinguistic competence in the target language. Classification of Language Learning Strategies by OMalley OMalley (1985) divides language learning strategies into three main subcategories Metacognitive strategies. It can be stated that metacognitive is a term to express executive function, strategies which require planning for learning, thinking about the learning process as it is taking place, monitoring of ones production or comprehension, and evaluating learning after an activity is completed. Among the main metacognitive strategies, it is possible to include advance organizers, directed attention, selective attention, self-management, functional planning, self-monitoring, delayed production, self-evaluation. Cognitive strategies. Cognitive strategies are more limited to specific learning tasks and they involve more direct manipulation of the learning material itself. Repetition, resourcing, translation, grouping, note taking, deduction, recombination, imagery, auditory representation, key word, contextualization, elaboration, transfer, inference are among the most important cognitive strategies. Socioaffective strategies. As to the socio affective strategies, it can be stated that they are related with social-mediating activity and transacting with others. Cooperation and question for clarification are the main socioaffective strategies (Brown 1987). Attitude and Motivation in L2 Learning In the field of language attitudes, the term attitude and motivation are closely connected and related (Gardner, 1985). He believes that languages involve the acquisition of skills or behavior patterns which are characteristic of another cultural community. He discusses that the relative degree of success in second language acquisition depends, to a certain extent, on the individuals attitude towards the other community as well as the beliefs in the community, which are relevant to the language learning process. He believes that the acquisition of a second language is a long and tough task so that any concept of motivation must include in it an attitudinal foundation to sustain the motivation. He proposes that attitudes play a role in language learning through their influence on motivation. Educators accept that students have individual learning styles and vary in their attitudes towards learning in general (Deci, Flaste 1995). Two major clusters of motivation have been introduced by Gardner and Lambert (1972). Integrative Motivation Instrumental Motivation When students want to learn a language to become part of a speech community (integrate). People who immigrate to new countries are some examples of people who may want to identify with the community around them. An important aspect of this form of language learning is using language for social interaction. This form of motivation is thought to produce success in language learners. Learners may make efforts to learn an L2 for some functional reason; to pass the examination to get a better job, or to get a place at university. In some learner context an instrumental motivation seems to be the major force determining success in L2 learning. For example, in settings where students are motivated to learn an L2 because it opens the educational and economic opportunities for them (Ellis, 1997). . Starks Paltridge (1996) mention that learning a language is closely related to the attitudes towards the language. Karahan (2007) suggests that positive language attitude let learner have positive orientation towards learning English. As such, attitudes may play a very crucial role in language learning as they would appear to influence students success directly. Ellis (2000) mentions that positive attitudes towards the L2 and its speakers can be expected to enhance learning while negative attitudes impede it. So, attitudes have an impact on the level of L2 proficiency achieved by individual learners. The learners with positive attitudes, who experience success, will have these attitudes reinforced. Similarly, learners negative attitude may be strengthened by lack of success. Holmes (1992) states that people develop attitudes towards languages which reflect their views about those who speak the languages, and the contexts and functions with which they are associated. Hermann-Brennecke (2000) points out the relationship between language and attitude language does not consist only of forms, patterns and rules but is simultaneously bound up with the social, subjective and objective world, since it also carries the attitudes, habits and cultural characteristics of its speakers. The Status of English in Pakistan In Pakistani community where different languages co-exist, language attitudes play an important role in the lives of the users of these languages. Today there are more non-native than native users of English and English has become a world language. English language enjoys a high status in Pakistan as it is the language of education, law, science, technology, Government and a lingua franca among the provinces. It has become a status symbol, a refine medium of communication. English in Pakistan is used as an official and a second language. It is spoken and used by a relatively small but extremely influential portion of countrys population in the domain of government administration, law, the military, the higher education, commerce and mass media (Baumgardner 1993). According to Ghani (2003) English in Pakistan serves as a gateway to success, to further education and to white collar jobs. It is the language of higher education and wider education and not the home language of the population except in the upper strata of society where it is spoken as a status symbol. Socially, English adopted as a second language has had a significant impact both economically and educationally. It continues to play an important role in the countrys commercial and industrial development and outside the government sector. Attitude of Pakistani Students towards Learning English Language policies have frequently failed in Pakistan where students attitudes to English language learning and use are mainly neglected. It is, therefore, important to study attitudes of students because if the learners have unfavorable attitudes to a target language, language policy implementation is unlikely to be successful (Baker,1992). Shahid Siddiqui (2007) discusses the present scenario in Pakistan and states that every student up to Intermediate level has to study English as compulsory subject. He further states that there are a large number of students who question the very existence of English as a compulsory subject. He claims that most of the students who belong to the rural background are not motivated to learn English. In Many cases the parents are not educated and cannot appreciate the purpose of learning English. As a result the students feel that English is perhaps the privilege of the elitist class and only the bright students can acquire it. There is a small group of students who realize the importance of English as it is a passport to employment. Most of the students are willing to learn English just to get degrees instead of attempting to learn the language skills. As a result, they spend most of their time in rote memorization which is considered the best way of passing the examination. Rahman (1999), in his survey of students attitudes towards learning English has found that almost all the students, including the deeni madrassahs want to learn English. However, it seems that the reason for learning English is instrumental for them. Factors Affecting Attitude towards Learning English There are certain factors which can be attributed as to affect the attitude of students towards learning English. Role of Parents. Parents play an important role in the education of their children. Their involvement and encouragement can help a child excel. Alberta Education encourages parents to take an active role in the education of their children and provides resources to support their involvement. Parents are the major socialization agents who play a vital role in shaping childrens attitudes towards ethnic groups and language learning. Parents can also be actively involved in the learning process and promote success by encouraging children to study the foreign language, monitor their performance, correct mistakes, etc. On the other hand, if the parents are not literate in the second language, their children remain deprived in terms of the availability of interaction in a second language at home. Role of Personality Traits in L2 Learning. Personality is considered a very important category of individual differences since the individual is often judged depending on her/his personality. It has been frequently observed that different learners attain highly different levels of L2 proficiency even though the circumstances in which these learners acquire a target language are almost identical. This inter individual variation can be accounted for by learner-internal factors. Extroversion/Introversion. Extroversion and introversion are personality characteristics that can influence language learning in a positive or negative way depending on the measured aspect. It is believed that extroverts, who are sociable and open to other people, are more successful in learning languages than introverts, because they have more contact with L2. On the other hand, well-organized and serious introverts are seen as better learners as far as the systematic study is concerned. Anxiety. Krashen (1985) maintained that anxiety inhibits the learners ability to process incoming language. An interaction is often found among anxiety, task difficulty, and ability, which interferes at the input, processing, retrieval, and at the output level. If anxiety impairs cognitive function, students who are anxious may learn less and also may not be able to demonstrate what they have learned. Therefore, they may experience even more failure, which in turn raise their anexity level. Age. Age has often been considered a major, if not the primary, factor determining success in learning a second or foreign language. Children are generally considered capable of acquiring a new language rapidly and with little effort, whereas adults are believed to be doomed to failure. Although older learners are indeed less likely than young children to master an L2, a close examination of studies relating age to language acquisition reveals that age differences reflect differences in the situation of learning rather than in capacity to learn. They do not demonstrate any constraint on the possibility that adults can become highly proficient, even native like, speakers of L2 (TODD, Marshall 2000). Degree of Instrumentality vs. Integration. It is supposed that the degree of instrumentality is also a an important factor whicvh effect the process of L2 learning. When the learners are motivated to learn a second language for utilitarian purpose i.e, to get a good job the level of success is supposed to be higher as compared to those who learn a second language for integrative purpose. According to Gardner and Lambart (1972 ) when a language is learnt for utilitarian purpose , the success in second language is supposed to be lower than if it is learnt for the integrative purpose but Meenakshi Verma states that this claim seems to be doubtful as the instrumentally motivated students are effectively learning English. The reason seems to be that the instrumental motivation works as a force to get a good job. Role of Teacher in L2 Learning. The role of teacher in affecting the attitudes of students cannot be falsified. A teacher plays a vital role for the students. He can serve as a facilitator, a guide, a fellow traveler, an advisor etc. If a teacher does not provide sufficient exposure to the target language, does not motivate the students, or does not provide them an opportunity to communicate, such teacher proves himself a threat for students. In such circumstances, if the student is asked to interact, the threat of teacher may hinder students progress. As Dornyei (2001) notes, teacher skills in motivating learners should be seen as central to teaching effectiveness. Students need both ample opportunities to learn and steady encouragement and support of their learning efforts. Because such motivation is unlikely to develop in a chaotic classroom, it is important that the teacher organize and manage the classroom as an effective learning environment. Furthermore, because anxious students are unlikely to develop motivation to learn, it is important that learning occurs within a relaxed and supportive atmosphere (Good and Brophy, 1994). In short, attitude is the sum total of a mans instinctions and feelings, prejudice or bias, preconceived notions, fears threats and convictions about any specified topic (Gardner, 1980). It can be described in other words as a mirror through which the inner emotions, feelings, beliefs, liking, disliking can be depicted. As these are the inner as well as the overt behaviors of individuals, they have a strong impact on decision making and finding the way for further progress. In the same perspective, an attitude towards learning a language depicts the way in which the learner feels about second language. It highlights the beliefs, in relation to the language which is being learnt. An attitude can be influenced by parents, teachers as well as by the society including the religion. Our affiliations, our interest as well as our purpose behind learning L2, all play a vital role in forming attitude towards learning a language. Having a review of the related literature, it may be concluded that these factors have a strong influence on the beliefs, liking and disliking of students and have an impact on their overall achievement in the second language learning. Rationale of the Study This study aims to examine the students attitude towards learning English. It focuses on the relationship between students attitude and their achievements in English language. In the light of this study, it is possible to put forward those factors like students attitude towards teachers, curriculum, and teachers methodologies that can be the causes of students low achievements in exams or their disinterest in the language learning. This study will show students positive or negative attitude towards learning English and their proficiency in it. It will take into account students experience and motivation provided by the teachers. As the aim of this study is to investigate the students attitude towards learning English language, it will show that either students want to learn English for integrative or for instrumental purpose. In short, this study is designed to highlight the attitude of male and female students and also to investigate the difference between the attitude of male and female students towards learning English.

Code of Ethics Essay

About every organisation. establishment and profession has a set of codification of moralss which are by and large expected to steer their stakeholders on how to manage peculiar issues within that autumn within their topographic point of work. Basically. such codification of moralss are instituted and adopted in organisations every bit good as professions as a manner of guaranting that relevant stakeholders are in a place to pull a clear differentiation about on what is incorrect or right. Understanding the ethical codifications of a peculiar environment. be it an organisation or a profession has been found to be instrumental in assisting the stakeholders make right determinations in determination state of affairss and this fact has hence awarded codification of moralss great importance across professions. Ethical motives vary from one profession to another every bit good as from an organisation to another depending on the type of operations carried out. besides. the environment within which an organisation maps. It becomes an duty to all stakeholders in a profession. organisation or even an establishment to understand the laid down codification of moralss available as such since go againsting such qualifies to be termed as a professional misconduct and punishable under the jurisprudence. There is by and large a rich history about codification of moralss and once more. the history varies from one profession to another and besides across organisations. This paper will seek to offer a elaborate analysis of the codification of moralss that are available in accounting profession. its history of development. the beginnings from where these moralss were developed amongst other valuable issues about codification of moralss in general. It will research the major participants in the profession. who are fundamentally certified comptrollers. what outlooks are at least expectable from an comptroller in his work to their clients. every bit good as the organic structures across the Earth that has been awarded the authorization of puting the criterions or merely developing the codification of moralss for comptrollers. Accounting has grown to go one of the oldest and besides one of the most of import services that concern universe can non remain without. In the concern universe. there is the built-in demand for the concern proprietors and other stakeholders to hold perfect cognition of the province of personal businesss of the concern establishment in which they have committed their resources. of class for expected returns. To derive this sort of cognition. an person who can truthfully and candidly reflect the true fiscal place within which a concern is at any peculiar clip is needed and this can merely be a individual who have relevant analysis accomplishments. If such information is made available to the investors. clients. authoritiess and providers among others. so it becomes likely that such persons will be in a place to cognize whether a concern is doing net incomes or otherwise. If there have been steady net incomes in a peculiar concern and over a twosome of the old old ages. such a concern will stay as worthwhile investing chances to investors. a good beginning of authorities revenue enhancement to the authorities. a good determiner of how much net incomes to travel to each stockholder and would besides guarantee providers that their creditor is solvent plenty. In instance of loss. non really many net income oriented persons will desire any association with such a concern as losingss are one of the marks of insolvency. Basically. accounting information is of really of import usage in determination devising and for this ground. such information must be true and nonsubjective. Incorrect accounting information has the potency to ensue into determinations that are uneconomical in nature and this is a state of affairs which is non acceptable in the concern universe where resources are ever limited. Provision of such accounting information has hence come under really rigorous examination by organic structures which are globally recognized and mandated to give guidelines which every certified accountant must adhere to while set abouting their accounting responsibilities. Failure of attachment by comptrollers has been qualified to go a professional misconduct and in such a instance. the comptroller in inquiry becomes apt for his irresponsibleness. The ethical demands for professional comptrollers are established by the International Federation of Accountants ( I. F. A ) which besides enforces that all the guidelines are adhered to throughout the profession of accounting coverage ( Reamer. 1998 ) . Statement of Valuess IntegrityIntegrity is one of the four values that make up the codification of moralss in accounting field as a profession. An comptroller whose services have been hired by a concern entity has to show a high degree of unity in carry oning their responsibilities failure to which they can be held apt for any loss suffered. if such losingss are proven to hold been occasioned by deficiency of unity on the side of the comptroller. Integrity implies that an history under responsibility has to show that he is straightforward every bit good as honest with issues that touch on the fiscal public presentation of the entity to which he is offering accounting services. It besides implies that there has to be just traffics every bit good as truthfulness throughout the service dispensation period. This accordingly requires that accountant must non hold any association with accounting information in which they believe there are material mistakes or are misdirecting. Objectivity This is another rule in the accounting field that requires comptrollers non to let any via media on their concern or professional judgement. It states that a professional comptroller must be free from prejudice. struggle of involvement and besides undue influence while doing a concern judgement. Impaired objectiveness sums to a gross professional misconduct and relevant organic structures like the I. F. A ensures that such values are upheld throughout the profession. Diligence This means that a professional comptroller is bound by the ethical codification to distribute their services with due acre and competency. They are required to keep an acceptable degree of professional cognition and accomplishments in services bringing so that their clients will be better positioned to hold true studies about the personal businesss of a concern at any peculiar clip. Informed determinations are likely to be made as a consequence of informations obtained through diligent services and would non be the determination shaper for unexpected results. Confidentiality This is the demand that a professional comptroller must non unwrap any information he has come across during his service clip. in portion or entirely to a 3rd party or for excess fiscal additions. Parties whom may stand to derive upon geting such information are the rivals to the client and this may turn out to be black to the client. Professional comptrollers are hence bound by this value to merely utilize such information for the benefit of their current client failure to which would be looked at as a misdemeanor of one of the aureate regulations. The above are values that have been formulated by I. F. A and by and large accepted across the Earth by the aid of the states that recognizes this organic structure. Training and Communication In every organisation preparation is a critical constituent. Training equips employees with necessary accomplishments. cognition. and become competency in their accounting work. Employees do take part in ethical preparation of the company and attain development and finally better their morale on the public presentation of the company. Ethical preparation provides advanced quality solutions to back up the company to run in an ethical environment and recognize their full potency of investors. Training should take topographic point in country of jurisprudence conformity and ways to handle assorted differing involvement. net incomes and safety. Communication on the other manus Acts of the Apostless as an sweetening to developing where issues are discussed openly. Investors raise positions as they become participants and portion it out with others of anything they do non understand. Some of communications tools used are company newssheets. article in magazines. cyberspace web site and picture. There should effectual communicating to investors characterized by the undermentioned characteristics: honestness which accent on free flow of of import investing information. confidentiality that protect employees sing their rights and their professional while staying to legal act about unwraping information which affects public assistance of others and free address to give support for unfastened competition. Communication should besides advance common apprehension between the investor and the facilitator of concern chance. Companies should develop. enforce and set down in composing codifications of corporate. A codification of ethic should further a stronger ethical clime and unfastened assorted channel of communicating to assist protects against deceitful fiscal coverage. Both corporate moralss preparation and communicating is really of import to employees separately by developing ethical decision–making accomplishments and to guarantee all staff understands and complies with company ordinances and policies. Code of Ethics Implementation Plan The success lies on the corporation committedness on developing codification and their part ( Messikomer and Cirka. 2010 ) . Company needs to implement codification of moralss through informal methods noticeable to the context through proper communicating and understanding. The execution program sound to guarantee investing advisers adhere to codification of moralss sing concern affairs. protect clients and suppress any inappropriate action. The advisers are responsible for consumers salvaging and their security sing their fiscal position. Customers understanding on codification of moralss determine whether their representatives are moving conformity to jurisprudence and guidelines. every bit good as stand foring them suitably. Prior to the execution of codification of moralss there are regulations: where all employees receive compensation of loss regardless of the sum. employees will execute their dismissed responsibilities diligently and competency. and eventually. organisation will confer with the populace to acquire feedback and suggestions sing on the efficiency and effectual bringing of services. Implementation composes organisational alterations where employees should conform to these alterations: designation of moral leaders who are moral mature and eventually. leaders should on a regular basis pass on codification of moralss to better perceptual experiences of trust and leading credibleness. This imperative normalizes ethicality by supplying everyday communicating on moral behaviour which reminds employees on their moralss affairs. Corporate Social Issues It is most indispensable in every organisation that it promotes its vision of accountable concern to assorted stakeholders apart from investors and stockholders. There are assorted countries of major concerns: environmental preservation. good position of employees. community and community at big. Company do mostly profit through following a policy of societal duty through betterment of fiscal public presentation. take downing its operation cost. increasing it gross revenues and heightening clients trueness. The company accordingly attracts many consumers/investors every bit good as to retain the possible 1s to assist alter the company’s individuality and to greatly better productiveness and quality. There are drivers forcing concern towards societal duty such as the authorities. which imposes statute law and ordinance to present societal and environmental aims in the country of concern. Second. the demand for corporate revelation from investor and interest holders. besides. investors are altering its manner of accessing companies public presentation based on standards of societal duty. Management preparation plays a major function in execution of corporate societal duty. There is increased demand for corporate societal duty in every organisation to advance good administration between the organisation. investors. society at larger and authorities. Laws and Regulations Impacting on Corporations The recent yesteryear has witnessed several pieces of statute law that finally come to coerce and impact both positively and negatively to corporation. Examples of such Torahs are the 1s refering environmental preservation that have required corporate organic structures to make their concern with small to no environmental debasement. This has to a greater extent dealt fabricating corporations large blows as they have to breathe waste merchandise into the environment as they do fabricating. These set of Torahs have hence required that there are sums of portion of the corporation’s gross set aside to try to acquire rid of the waste stuffs they emit from the environment. This has become an excess cost to most corporations since carry oning an environmental killing exercising has in many fortunes gone into the melody of 1000000s of shillings. Basically. among other effects that recent Torahs and ordinances have imposed on the environment have been excess costs particularly meant for cleaning up the waste they emit into environment or counterbalancing persons who are fallen victims in one manner or another of this sort of wastes. Consequently. the grosss have well diminished with some of such corporations opted the walk of operations. Monitoring and Enforcement Plan Monitoring and implementing attachment to codification of moralss is of paramount importance and several benefits have been associated to it. Monitoring is in most instances done by organisational direction squads. senior officers in an establishment or even organic structures which are mandated to safeguard such codifications of moralss. Monitoring and implementing helps maintain those who are bound by such codifications committed to fulfilling the values as stipulated in the codification of moralss. As a consequence. professionals in whatever field are in a place to efficaciously forestall. detect and study suitably every bit good as reference any allegation of professional misconduct. A codification of moralss can be efficaciously enforced when there exist persons responsible for its execution. Enforcing and safeguarding a codification of moralss from rampant misdemeanor would necessitate a clear account of the effects that are to bechance the lawbreakers. Such effects must look harsh so as to deter those bound by the codification from moving against it but alternatively help in implementing it to the full. Establishing an understanding that is adhering between the parties to a codification of moralss is besides a measure in the right way of implementing it. Last. to successfully supervise and implement a codification of moralss. there needs to be a consistent mode of supervising behaviour every bit good as honoring persons who duly comply with the laid down codification of moralss. Ethical motives Audit Professionals in any field are needed to continually maintain in touch with the patterns within their professions that have an moralss relation in visible radiation of the of all time increasing demand from the societal universe. To accomplish this. the professionals have to prosecute in strict procedure of scrutinizing moralss and such audits should be hinged on set uping that which is being considered indispensable in societal work. This will in bend help the professionals make an designation of an ethical issue which is pertinent in their pattern scene. Furthermore. it will be helpful to professionals in reexamining every bit good as measuring how equal their current pattern is. Last. scrutinizing ethical codifications will go helpful in helping professionals to plan a scheme which is practical to tune current patterns as desired in the societal work. Working Internationally Procuring a professional occupation internationally is in most fortunes fancied by many if non by all professions across several Fieldss. Such chances come with tonss of hope to win in one’s calling and of class earn fortunes out of the chance. In the existent sense. there are really few professionals if any. who will turn such a opportunity down. Ethically. before a professional takes on an international responsibility. he has to see issues like whether his codification of moralss conform with the general moralss upheld in a foreign state and whether such organic structures are concerned with the codification of moralss of his/her profession is acknowledged in that foreign state in which he/she is meaning to work. This is so. because a instance of conflicting ethical values may originate and this may do a crisis that could hold been avoided if such issues were put into history prior to taking up of international responsibilities. Like for case. in accounting profession. there still be some states that have non subscribed to the guidelines offered by major accounting organic structures in the universe like the I. F. A or the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ( G. A. A. P ) . As a consequence. such states have their ain ways of covering with some accounting interventions which in many fortunes contrast what such organic structures provide in regard of those interventions. Therefore. holding an comptroller who has been trained and practiced in a state where such guidelines from these organic structures are adhered to work in such a foreign state may give a crisis which in another position may be termed as professional misconduct in that foreign state. Decision In decision. this paper discusses and identifies the statement of values to include the beginning and foundation of ethical values and rules ; why these rules are non-negotiable. how they have evolved over clip. and what moral doctrine or societal issues affects the attack to moralss. It besides presented and given a preparation and communicating program. execution program. program for the function of leading. declaration to corporate societal issues. discussed the recent Torahs and ordinances impacting the corporation. how to supervise and implement the program ; moralss scrutinizing program and considerations for working internationally. As you can see. codification of moralss is needed in every organisation to avoid struggle of involvement and to cover with issues in a just and merely mode. MentionsBaker. R. ( 1999 ) . The American medical moralss revolution: how the AMA’s codification of moralss has transformed physicians’ relationships to patients. professionals. and society. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Code of international moralss. ( 1953 ) . Westminster. Md. : Newman Press. Code of medical moralss: current sentiments with notes ( 2004-2005 erectile dysfunction. ) . ( 2004 ) . Chicago. Ill. : AMA Press. Reamer. F. G. ( 1998 ) . Ethical criterions in societal work: a reappraisal of the NASW codification of moralss. Washington. DC: NASW Press. Watson. D. ( 1985 ) . A Code of moralss for societal work: the 2nd measure. London: Routledge & A ; Kegan Paul.

Determinants Of Debt Maturity Structures In Pakistan - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2381 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? The decision made in corporate finance observed two main areas of interest. Besides the debt versus equity decision making. The factors of debt maturity also had the same importance. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Determinants Of Debt Maturity Structures In Pakistan" essay for you Create order Optimal capital structure theories suggest many ways in which firms can adjust overtime to target debt ratio. Among these include the use of different mixes of equity, debt and hybrid securities. In developed markets, firms can easily choose between short or long term debts as per the requirement of optimal debt maturity structure. Which were not constrained by the availability of either type of debt as the banking industry and capital markets both developed and competitive. Unfortunately, firms operating in developing countries were not much lucky. Because less developed capital markets and instable interest rates, firms in developing countries usually find difficult to use long term debt. Besides the obvious reason, there was a need to know what factors influence the debt maturity structure choice in developing country like Pakistan and how listed firms in Pakistan made choices between long term and short term debt. The empirical literatures were rich on capital structure decisions but not on debt maturity structure. There was a need of to enrich the research on the debt maturity structures not only from the methodological standpoint but also from the view of including detailed analysis of large data sets of individual countries, especially developing ones. The study also contributes to empirical literature by using all relevant models of dynamic panel data. The assumptions that firm swiftly change the maturity structures of the debt. 1.2 Problem Statement The rapid implications of liquidity, discount rate had a significant impact on the economy. The changes had affected the development and growth of the economy as well as the institutions performance. The liquidity problem caused the increase in default rate and discount rate had increased the non performing loans in financial sector. Both had significantly affected the performance 1.3 Hypothesis H1: There is a significant and negative impact of growth options on debt maturity structure. H2: There is a significant and negative impact of firm quality on debt maturity structure. H3: There is a significant and positive impact of assets maturity on debt maturity structure. H4: There is a significant and negative impact of firm tax rate on debt maturity structure. H5: There is a significant and positive impact of leverage on debt maturity structure. 1.4 Research Question What factors affect the determinants of debt maturity structures in non financial sector of Pakistan? When and why choose bank debt, bond or leasing? Which term decides the term of maturity of the debt. The liquidity and discount rate problem also increased the solvency problem and decreased the performance. Which reduces the growth opportunities of the non financial sector as well as created a stress on the individual saving. 1.5 Research Objective The scope and aim of study provided valuable insight to the factors that were the determinants of debt maturity structure in Pakistan based on the following variables. Growth Options Firm Quality Asset Maturity Firm Tax Rate Leverage 1.6 Research Structure The research structure based on five chapters as follows: Introduction about Pakistan non financial sector and role in the economy. The literature review had provided theoretical background of the research and cites author those who had previously researched on the topic of determinants of debt maturity structure. The research methods chapter included data adopted sources, collection, statistical technique and hypothesis development. The results chapter had included data analysis and interpretation. The conclusion and recommendation section provided the final logical analysis. 1.7 Definitions 1.7.1 Debt Maturity Debt maturity is defined as the ratio of liabilities maturing in more than one year to total debt and debt maturity is denoted by DM. 1.7.2 Growth Options The growth is defined as the ratio of market to book value of total assets. The reason for that the there were a booming period then share prices of majority of companies increased dramatically and growth options is denoted by GP. 1.7.3 Firm Quality The information asymmetry that exists between managers and investors usually results in under pricing of long term securities. In order to reduce the cost firms prefer to issue short term debt. Firm quality is defined as the ratio differences in current and future earnings to current period earning and firm quality is denoted by FQ. 1.7.4 Asset Maturity The asset maturity is defined as the ratio of net sales to net fixed assets. The high ratio represents the operating cycle shows that the firms need short term financing to support sales and asset maturity is denoted by AM. 1.7.5 Firm Tax Rate The firm tax rate is defined as the ratio of annual tax expense to taxable income and firm tax rate is denoted by FTR. 1.7.6 Leverage Optimal leverage depend s on the debt maturity and markedly lower when the firm were financed by short term debt. The leverage is defined as the ratio of total debt to total assets and leverage is denoted by L. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW A number of studies had examined the determinants of debt maturity structure in many countries over the years. Traditionally, capital structure research had focused on how much of a firms future cash flows be paid out to debtholders instead of equityholders. An equally important issue was that when future cash flows paid out to debtholders. A firm that finances the projects with short term debt risks serious financial difficulty if the debt cannot be extended. Similarly, a firm that finances its activities with long term debt sacrifice profits be needlessly risking mismanagement of resources after cash flows were returned from investments, but before were due to debtholders. The data base of 10,287 corporate debt issues compiled by the capital market division of the board of governance of the Federal Reserve Board. The result of the study tested in three steps. First, the researcher established the stylized facts about the maturity and issuer type. Second, estimate were the ordinary least square model and third was the sensitivity of the result by estimating the structural model of the debt m aturity choice. (Guedes and Opler, 1996). The debt maturity structure measures the detailed information about all the firms liabilities. The less risky firms with longer term asset maturities used longer term debt. Additionally, debt maturity varies inversely with earnings surprises and firm effective tax rate. Firm with high or very low bond ratings used shorter term debt. The test was based on the 328 industrial firms over the 10 years period from 1980 to 1989 and data gathered from the Moodys Industrial Mannual to measure the debt maturity structure in given data and difference result came out. Growth options increase resulted in decrease in debt maturity structure. However, some larger firms had longer debt maturity structure and size had a positive impact on debt maturity structure. (Stohs and Mauer, 1996). A firms growth options affect the debt maturity choice because of the underinvestment problems. When a firm had a future options for growth via profitable investment opportunities, the benefit of making these investments go partly to shareholders, but debtholders share the benefit because firms probability of default were reduced by the investments. Since a part of the benefit went to debtholders, the incentive to undertake such projects was reduced, and a firm might under invest. Financing growth opportunities involves financing investment in assets for new projects. However, a firm must also decide how to refinance investment in assets for existing projects as the assets mature. A firm can reduce the agency cost of debt if the maturity of debt matched to the life of these assets. The result showed that asset maturity had a significant relationship, growth also shown little support and also evidence for the influence of information asymmetry, taxes and industry. (Scherr and Hulburt, 2001). The space spanned by the securities markets then changes in the maturity structure cannot add anything to the present set of investment opportunities available. A frictionless market with no taxes and no bankruptcy costs were implying the irrelevance of the firms financing policies altogether. If interest and price variations of the bond were perfect substitutes for tax purposes then even in a non equilibrium environment, each debt maturity structure had the same tax consequences. Consequently, any debt maturity structure which yields the same equivalent net payments to bondholders not alters the investment opportunities to investors. (Brick and Ravid, 1985). The firms level of debt and the maturity structure of the debt had effected the investment decision were the fundamental issues in corporate finance. In a world with incomplete markets, however, agency problems inherent in interactions between shareholders, debtholders and management associated with the level of leverage and the maturity composition, give rise to underinvestment or overinvestment incentives. A firm financial policy had a significant impact on investment. Several empirical studies had investigated the relationship between firm leverage and investment. The maturity structure of a firms debt had a significant impact on investment decisions. After controlling for the effect of the overall level of leverage that had a higher percentage of long term debt in total debt significantly reduces the investment for firms with higher growth opportunities. In contrast, the correlation between debt maturity and investment was not significant for firms with low growth opportunities. The result was strong at the firm level and at the business segment level. (Aivazian and Jiaping Qiu, 2005). Recent capital structure studies went beyond the simple debt maturity choice to focus on various attributes of the debt in firms capital structures. One particular attribute had received much attention to debt maturity, which argues was important in a capital structure context because that can be chosen to reduce underinvestment problems. Firm with risky debt outstanding reject new profitable projects. If enough of the projects pay offs accrue to debtholders. Holding constant the tax shield and other benefits of debt, underinvestment problems created by the risky debt overhang reduce optimal leverage. Short debt maturity attenuates the negative effect of growth opportunities on leverage. The negative effect of growth opportunities on leverage for firms with all shorter term debt were less than one sixth as large as the effect for firms with all longer term debt. Short maturity increases liquidity risk. However, which negatively affects leverage. The result suggests that firms trade o ff the cost of underinvestment problems against the cost of liquidity risk when choosing short maturity. (Johnson, 2003). Long term debt preferred because tax related advantages. There exists a tax advantage to debt and nonstochastic interest rates, long term debt were increased the present value of the tax benefits of debt if the term structure of interest rates, adjusted for risk of default, were increasing. A decreasing term structure, on the other hand, calls for short term debt. The study extends the tax induced argument to allow for the presence of stochastic interest rates. Ones interest rates uncertain, pricing even under risk neutrality becomes a complex issue. The analysis of debt maturity decision under two competing pricing equations. The return to maturity expectations hypothesis and the local expectations hypothesis. Under certainty, a debt capacity interpreted to indicate that if the term premium, the difference between the implied forward interest rate and the future expected spot rate, was positive. Then long term debt maturity strategy was optimal. (Brick and Ravid, 1991). When capital market investors and firm insiders posses the same information about a companys prospects, its liabilities had been priced in a way that made the firm indifferent to the composition of its financial liabilities at least under certain, well known circumstances. However, if firm insiders were systematically better informed than outside investors, that was choose to issue different types of securities that the market appears to overvalue most. Knowing the rational investors try to infer the insiders information from the firms financial structure. The study evaluates the extent to which a firms choice of risky debt maturity can signal insiders information about firm quality. If financial market transactions were costless, a firms financial structure cannot provide a valid signal, with positive transaction costs, however, high quality firms can some times effectively signal the true quality to the market. The existence of a signaling equilibrium was shown to depend on the dis tribution of firms quality and the magnitude of underwriting costs for corporate debt. (Flannery, 1986). CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODS The chapter formed the core of the research work. The research methods chapter illustrated the detail information regarding data collection technique, sample size and also the tools that had been used in the study. The statistical tool also mentioned to give clear idea about the data collected and its treatment. 3.1 Data Collection Technique There were two types of sources available for data collection i.e. primary and secondary data source. In the research secondary data source had been used. Secondary data were gathered from journal articles and electronic media. The annual financial information extracted from the State Bank of Pakistan web site. 3.2 Sample Size The study period was consists of ten years from (1999-2008) and provides the broader view about the determinants of debt maturity structure in non financial sector of Pakistan. The study based on firms listed on the Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE). 3.3 Reliability and Validity 3.3.1 Reliability The reliability is defined as the degree to which the observed values measure the true values, error free and consistent. The overall results were in line with the practices applicable in Pakistan. But the difference was appeared when the results of Pakistan compared with international practices. In high interest rate environment Pakistan banking getting high returns on the other hand the at global level interest rate were low. That clearly indicated the major differences in returns at Pakistan and international level. 3.3.2 Validity The validity is defined as the degree to which the measure was accurately represents what was supposed to. The instrument had been used to predict the variation explained by the independent variable in interest income. The regression model used in the analysis and all the assumption had been fulfilled. 3.4 Empirical Model DM =ÃŽÂ ±+ÃŽÂ ²1GR+ ÃŽÂ ² 2FQ + ÃŽÂ ² 3AM + ÃŽÂ ² 4FTR+ ÃŽÂ ² 5L+à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ ÃŽÂ ±= Regression Constant Alpha ÃŽÂ ²= Regression Coefficient Beta DM= Debt Maturity GR= Growth Options FQ= Firm Quality AM= Assets Maturity FTR= Firm Tax Rate L= Leverage à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬= Error 3.5 Statistical Test The data were analyzed by using regression model to find out the determinates of debt maturity structure in Pakistan based on the variables. Such as growth options, firm quality, assets maturity, firm tax rate and leverage.